1. Financial Health: How should a financial services company assess its customers' financial health? Three financial services organizations, HelloWallet, Wells Fargo, and Solutions for Progress, have developed tools and metrics to measure the financial health of their customers. NextBillion
2. Housing Segregation: Housing instability as a repercussion of income volatility has been well documented, but what about the cycle and segregation of poverty in specific neighborhoods? Matthew Desmond's Evicted: Poverty and Profit in the American City and Mitchell Dunier's Ghetto: The Invention of a Place, the History of an Idea take a look at the history and complexity of living in concentrated poverty. The Atlantic Magazine - June 2016 Edition
3. Grit in Developing Countries: Is grit a useful predictor of success in developing economies? Roving Bandit
Week of June 13, 2016
1. State of Economics Laureates: Video from the World Bank's "State of Economics, State of the World" conference is now available. Here's Ken Arrow on equilibrium and welfare, Amartya Sen on social choice, and Joe Stiglitz on information economics. And here's Clark laureate Esther Duflo on the influence RCTs are having on the world. Bonus: blog post from David McKenzie based on his comments on Duflo's presentation examining whether RCTs have taken over development economics. Oh, and the rest of the talks are here.
2. Mobile Money: An in-depth discussion of why little progress has been made on merchant acceptance of mobile money/digital payments and what to do about it. And here's a pretty thorough debunking of the long-lived "fishermen use mobile phones to get market prices" story that helped jumpstart enthusiasm for mobile phones as a poverty-fighting tool.
3. The Way We Bank Now (in the US): Starbucks is a bank (or a prepaid card company) that happens to serve coffee. Meanwhile, the actual banks are earning more from overdraft fees again. The preference for storing money with Starbucks is starting to make more sense.
Week of June 6, 2016
1. Marshmallows: I'm very confused by marshmallows, or at least marshmallow tests. Did you know about the massive attrition in the original work? The fuzzy proposed mechanisms? It's executive control! Trainable mental tricks! Actually it's a measure of trust! No, poor children who choose immediate rewards are calmer and more rational! Did I mention that willpower depletion doesn't replicate (and that physiological measure of calm rationality is suspect)? If the marshmallow test doesn't tell us much, at least there's Grit to rely on. Sigh...
2. The Housing Boom: I'm also newly confused about what was happening in the housing boom. A new working paper from Foote, Loewenstein and Willen shows that low-income borrower mortgage debt didn't increase relative to high-income borrower mortgage debt. Reading that paper I learned thatBhutta earlier found that new home buyers weren't much of a factor during the boom.
3. Consumer Debt: A lot of people are confused about consumer debt, not just housing debt, in the United States. Here's a Slate piece about how to get out of debt which won't tell you anything new if you've ever heard of present bias. Here's a Slate piece from the week before blowing large holes in the "present biased overspending" theory of consumer debt. And remember that link from last week about how behavioral tricks to increase saving still don't yield any increase in poor households ability to save for the long term? One sure fire way to reduce debt is to forgive it--but you might want to acknowledge the source of the idea.
Week of May 30, 2016
1. Basic Income: Basic income's 15 minutes of fame seem to be stretching on. In the New York Times, Eduardo Porter rains on the parade, at least in the US context. Paul Niehaus is still marching anyway: he hosted a Reddit Ask Me Anything about GiveDirectly's basic income experiment in Kenya. Meanwhile, the MacArthur Foundation announced it's going to give $100 million to a single organization to "solve" a social problem. Poor choice of words aside, I can't think of a better use of that money than expanding basic income experiments into other countries.
2. Nigerian Entrepreneurs: We all know about a certain kind of Nigerian grassroots entrepreneur. But there are others. PlanetMoney has a podcast about David McKenzie's experiment in giving large cash grants to winners of a business plan competition. David also has a new paper exploring how well participants in the competition (winners and losers) anticipate the effects of winning the cash grant. Most think the impact of the money will be larger than it is, and their estimates don't help predict who will benefit most from receiving the cash.
3. Payday Lending: The US Consumer Finance Protection Board published its long-anticipated proposed regulations for the payday lending industry. Reaction is mixed with some praising the step forward and others suggesting the regulations don't go far enough. It's a tough issue--there are a lot of bad products out there but making credit constraints more binding for the poor isn't great. Here's a reminder about how costly illiquidity is for poor households, even when they don't borrow. CFSI has a look at the demand for small-dollar, short-term credit. And here are the stories of two households from the US Financial Diaries, and how short-term credit can help and hurt.
Week of May 23, 2016
This week's faiV is book recommendations.
1. Entrepreneurship, Social Investment and Not-so-Social Investment: Scott Shane's The Illusion of Entrepreneurship is a great overview of entrepreneurship research in the US, a body of knowledge that is a lot more applicable to developing contexts than is generally acknowledged. For those wishing to spur social businesses, going to back to first principles of corporate finance and principal-agent problems is a good idea--check out Henry Hansmann's The Ownership of Enterprise. There's a lot of entrepreneurship in the secret spaces of the web, though its generally not what we think of when you use the word entrepreneur. Here's a guide to The Dark Net.
2. Memorial Day: The reason for the holiday in the US is it's Memorial Day, to commemorate the sacrifice of those in the Armed Forces--what's usually invoked is fighting for or defending freedom. I always tend to think of The Gettysburg Address. It's not just soldier and sailors who fight for freedom and to defend rights; Letter from a Birmingham Jail is a good reminder of other fighters. Sometimes you fight for your rights by leaving--The Warmth of Other Suns is the story of the Great Migration in the United States when African-Americans pursued freedom by moving out of the South en masse (I can't quite put my finger on what present situation it makes me think of...). The use of power in pursuing virtuous ends is tricky, and something we should think about more on weekends like this, perhaps by reading Reinhold Niebuhr's The Irony of American History.
Week of May 16, 2016
1. Microcredit Impact: One way to judge the impact of microcredit is randomizing access. Another way is to see what happens when microcredit is suddenly taken away. There are two new papers that use the latter approach based on the sharp reduction in lending that ensued from the Andhra Pradesh crisis in 2010 (has it really been that long ago?) by Emily Breza and Cynthia Kinnan, and Banerjee, Breza, Duflo and Kinnan. BK find decreases in wages, wage earnings and consumption concentrated among poorer borrowers when microcredit goes away. BBDK find sharp heterogeneity in effects on "gung-ho" entrepreneurs and "reluctant" entrepreneurs of access to and then loss of access to microcredit. Of course, that leaves the question of the underlying differences between gung-ho entrepreneurs and reluctant entrepreneurs. Could it be aspirations? You should ask Stefan Dercon or Bruce Wydick about that.
2. Income Volatility: This week, the Aspen Institute launched the website for the Emerging Prosperity Impact Collaborative, an ongoing effort to draw attention to emerging economic issues that affect household financial security in the United States. The first year is focused on income volatility, inspired in part by the US Financial Diaries. EPIC has an overview paper, some cool data viz, and videos (some better, some worse) of researchers and practitioners discussing income volatility and its effects.
Week of May 9, 2016
1. Online Lending: Lending is hard. And not just because of the difficulty of assessing creditworthiness. Lenders are intermediaries, matching borrowers and investors, which means there are lots of principal-agent problems and a thicket of rules, regulations and practices to manage them (in most places). When lending goes online it can dramatically increase access for both borrowers and investors, but principal-agent problems don't go away. (That's a report from the US Treasury Dept., but it's good! You should read it!) That's the sub-text of the downfall of Lending Club, perhaps the largest of the online lending "platforms" that have emerged in the US in recent years. This week the CEO was forced to resign after it emerged that he had approved misleading investors about how the company was managing some of those principal-agent problems in ways reminiscent of the sub-prime crisis.
2. Unexpected Regulators: Speaking of online lending and regulation, this week Google became a de facto financial services regulator by banning ads for online payday lenders. Perhaps that was in response to this unexpected regulator using Google to make terms and conditions of online payday lenders more transparent. Meanwhile, if you still need quick access to cash online, you may want to study more about the rules enforced by Reddit's volunteer lending regulators.
3. Savings: But perhaps you take a more conservative approach to building up lump sums: saving. If so, you won't have much company in the United States. But you'll also be pretty lonely in Korea (10,000 Won is less than $10USD). And in Japan. Time for me to update my priors about savings rates in Asia.
Week of May 2, 2016
1. Affordable Housing and Cities: The rising cost of housing is pushing lower income households out of US cities with the most job growth. Trulia, an online real estate information something or other, documents which US cities lower-income households are fleeing fastest. That's a perverse way to get the benefits that a higher proportion of economically stable households brings to cities.
2. Inequality: The new issue of the Journal of Economic Perspectives has a special section on inequality. Attanasio and Pistaferri consider consumption inequality vs. income inequality. Currie and Schwandt find that while mortality at age 40 and 50 has been falling more slowly in poorer counties in the US, mortality of children has been falling more quickly in poorer counties, reducing inequality. Mortality reductions have been especially large among African American men from 1990 to 2010.
Week of April 25, 2016
1. Children are the Future: The NY Times has a new data set and visualization on socioeconomic status and school achievement in the US. But it’s not just in poor neighborhoods in the US that children aren’t learning. The failure to measure learning in global education policy is a big problem. Of course, surviving to school age is the first step. Chen, et. al. look at why infant mortality is higher in the US than Europe (hint: mothers in poverty) and Amarante et. al. see cash transfers to such poor pregnant women leads to higher birth weight babies (which are less likely to die) in Uruguay. But perhaps the cash grants shouldn’t stop during pregnancy. Russ Whitehurst at Brookings argues that cash support to families has a bigger impact on learning outcomes than early childhood education programs.
2. Basic Income: Speaking of cash grants, basic income is apparently the story of the moment. FiveThirtyEight provides a pretty comprehensive overview, including upcoming experiments in Kenya, the Netherlands and Finland and a look back at the NIT experiments (which helped launch the modern era of RCTs). Meanwhile, Michael Strain at AEI thinks basic income is unworkable in practice and we’ll just end up back where we started.
Week of April 18, 2016
1. (American) Household Finance: The new issue of the Atlantic is all about Americans' finances. Some choice bits: Derek Thompson on why Americans (and many others) stopped saving; Bethany McLean on what comes after payday lending; and Neal Gabler on how he came to be one of the many American households who cannot come up with $400 for an emergency. And while we're at it, Esquire talks to 4 men with very different incomes about spending, saving and taxes.
2. (Healthcare) Household Finance: A new paper looks at how the Affordable Care Act has affected household finances and finds that access to insurance through Medicaid expansion reduced debt and collections for the poorest households. NBER
